• Social Conflict Theory and White-collar Criminals: Why Does the Ruling Class Punish their Own? 

      Bystrova, Elena G.; Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2015)
      Social conflict theory suggests that the professional powerful and wealthy represent the elite and ruling class in society. The theory holds that laws and law enforcement are used by the dominant group to minimize threats ...
    • Stage model for female criminals: business School student's perceptions of white-collar offenders 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      We know that half of the population in Norway is female, and we know that females represent 6% of the white-collar crime prison population. In the stage model overview, we derive percentages from the literature into the ...
    • Stages of growth model for corporate social responsibility 

      Ditlev-Simonsen, Caroline D.; Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2011)
      The purpose of this article is to explore the concept of stages of growth in organizational research by applying this concept to the issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The article starts by reviewing theory ...
    • The Evolution of Corporate Accounts of Scandals from Exposure to Investigation 

      Gottschalk, Petter; Benson, Michael L. (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020)
      We extend research on how corporations respond to scandals by examining the evolution of the accounts that are developed by corporate agents after a scandal becomes public. Guided by the theory of accounts and a recently ...
    • The family firm as an arena for white-collar crime 

      Gottschalk, Petter; Asting, Cecilie (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      In this article, we identify certain aspects of family firms that can cause specific personal motives, organisational opportunities and deviant behaviours. Based on the theory of convenience, we identify organisational ...
    • The modeling process for stage models 

      Solli-Sæther, Hans; Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2010)
      Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present and test a modeling procedure, as researchers have struggled for decades to develop stages of growth models that are both theoretically founded and empirically validated. ...
    • Theory of convenience: Determinants of white-collar crime intention 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      Crime intentions are an important area of research in criminology. Yet substitutes for real intentions have to be applied since respondents will be reluctant to tell truthfully of their tendency to commit a crime. In this ...
    • To what extent is white-collar crime understandable? An empirical study of determinants based on the theory of convenience 

      Gupta, Chander Mohan; Gottschalk, Petter (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      White-collar crimes(WCC) or financial crimes(FC) are the crimes that are linked with the top-level management representatives who are responsible to make the right decisions for the better functioning of the organization, ...
    • Toppen av isfjellet: Omfanget av hvitsnippkriminalitet i Norge 

      Gottschalk, Petter; Gunnesdal, Lars (Rapport nr. 1/2017 Manifest tankesmie;, Report, 2017)
      Kriminalitet på toppen innen næringsliv, politikk og forvaltning kan være et større samfunnsproblem enn myndighetene har trodd. Sjefen for Økokrim,Trond Eirik Schea, mener at tre av fire økonomiske kriminelle trolig går ...
    • Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs): The Case of Combating Criminal Biker Gangs 

      Gottschalk, Petter; Markovic, Vesna (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016)
      Transnational crime organizations (TCOs) represent a challenge to societies all over the world. This article explores combating criminal biker gangs, where stakeholders in the community and governments vary in their ...
    • Trusted Chief Executives in Convenient White-Collar Crime 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Convenience exists in the financial motive, the organizational opportunity, and the personal willingness for deviant behavior. These three themes can result in 14 convenience propositions as presented in this article. In ...
    • Understanding business offending: Survey research in Iran 

      Kamaei, Maryam; Gottschalk, Petter (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Understanding business offending reflects the extent to which white-collar crime makes sense to respondents in the current survey research. Making sense implies a number of factors that influence understandability. An ...
    • Victims of white-collar crime 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2013)
      Victims of white-collar crime is a form of victimization often seen to involve a very different set of relationships between offenders and victims, as there is less obvious direct harm or blood on the streets. It appears ...
    • Violations of the social license to operate: Evidence from fraud investigation reports 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Traditionally, white-collar and corporate crime research has focused on the role of the criminal justice system in prosecuting and punishing offenders and offenses. The frequent lack of prosecution and punishment has been ...
    • When Economic Sanctions Cause White-Collar and Corporate Crime: The Case of Hidden Russian Ownership Revealed by a Norwegian Insurance Firm 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2024)
      Sanctions have criminalizing consequences. This paper addresses the issue of Russian businesses attempting to circumvent and evade sanctions by white-collar and corporate crime. The case presented in this paper concerns a ...
    • When private internal investigators turn against the whistleblower: The case of Norwegian police 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2017)
      The business of fraud examiners in private internal investigations is important to many auditing firms and law firms. They are hired by public and private organizations when there are suspicions of misconduct and financial ...
    • White-collar crime and police crime: Rotten apples or rotten barrels? 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2012)
      In the research literature on white-collar crime, there seems to be a tendency to claim individual failure rather than systems failure. Occupational crime is often emphasized at the expense of corporate crime. In the ...
    • White-Collar Crime Defense Knowledge: Predictors of Lawyer Fame 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2014)
      The white-collar crime attorney is a lawyer who is competent in general legal principles and in the substantive and procedural aspects of the law related to upper-class financial crime. Based on a sample of 310 convicted ...
    • White-Collar Crime Defense Strategies 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2013)
      The article considers three specific strategies applied by white-collar crime attorneys can be identified. First, substance defense strategy is concerned with when and how an attorney decides to defend the client in a ...
    • White-collar crime lawyers: the case of Transocean in court 

      Gottschalk, Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2013)
      White-collar criminals are persons of respectability and high social status, who commit financial crime in the course of their occupation. In a national sample of 305 convicted criminals, the average age was 48 years old, ...