• The sound of branding: An analysis of the initial phonemes of popular brand names 

      Pathak, Abhishek; Velasco, Carlos; Spence, Charles (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      In the marketing literature, the ‘K effect’ refers to the claim that the letter K is overrepresented as the initial letter of brand names. To date, however, most findings have only considered the frequency of the written ...
    • Symmetry and its role in the crossmodal correspondence between shape and taste 

      Turoman, Nora; Velasco, Carlos; Chen, Yi-Chuan; Huang, Pi-Chun; Spence, Charles (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)
      Despite the rapid growth of research on the crossmodal correspondence between visually presented shapes and basic tastes (e.g., sweet, sour, bitter, and salty), most studies that have been published to date have focused ...
    • The taste of colours 

      Velasco, Carlos; Escobar Barbosa, Francisco; Spence, Charles; Olier, Juan Sebastian (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      A multitude of crossmodal correspondences have now been documented between taste (gustation) and visual features (such as hue). In the present study, new analytical methods are used to investigate taste-colour correspondences ...
    • Tasting names: Systematic investigations of taste-speech sounds associations 

      Motoki, Kosuke; Saito, Toshiki; Park, Jaewood; Velasco, Carlos; Spence, Charles; Sugiura, Motoaki (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      Product names can be developed to effectively convey specific sensory attributes to the consumer. Most of the previous research on crossmodal correspondences has shown that people selectively associate words (e.g., ‘Maluma’, ...
    • That sounds sweet: using cross-modal correspondences to communicate gustatory attributes 

      Knöferle, Klemens; Woods, Andy; Käppler, Florian; Spence, Charles (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2015)
      Building on existing research into sound symbolism and crossmodal correspondences, this article proposes that crossmodal correspondences—systematic mappings between different sensory modalities—can be used to communicate ...
    • The role of typeface curvilinearity on taste expectations and perception 

      Velasco, Carlos; Hyndman, Sarah; Spence, Charles (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)
      People associate specific shape properties with basic taste attributes (such as sweet, bitter, and sour). It has been suggested that more preferred visual aesthetic features are matched to sweetness whereas less-preferred ...
    • The taste of typefaces in different countries and languages 

      Velasco, Carlos; Woods, Andy T.; Wan, Xiaoang; Salgado-Montejo, Alejandro; Bernal-Torres, Cesar; Cheok, Adrian David; Spence, Charles (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018)
      People associate tastes and taste words (e.g., “bitter,” “sweet,” etc.) with shape features in predictable ways. In the present study, we evaluate how the curvature and boldness of typeface influences the gustatory taste ...
    • Timing is everything: Onset timing moderates the crossmodal influence of background sound on taste perception 

      Wang, Qian Janice; Spence, Charles; Knöferle, Klemens (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020)
      Recent evidence demonstrates that the presentation of crossmodally corresponding auditory stimuli can modulate the taste and hedonic evaluation of various foods (an effect often called “sonic seasoning”). To further ...
    • Trends in alcohol consumption in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-country analysis 

      Plata, Alejandro; Motoki, Kosuke; Spence, Charles; Velasco, Carlos (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      During the first sequence of lockdowns implemented in many countries around the world in early 2020 as a result of the emerging COVID-19 pandemic, there was widespread concern amongst many health professionals regarding a ...
    • What drives sound symbolism? Different acoustic cues underlie sound-size and sound-shape mappings 

      Knöferle, Klemens; Li, Jixing; Maggioni, Emanuela; Spence, Charles (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2017)
      Sound symbolism refers to the non-arbitrary mappings that exist between phonetic properties of speech sounds and their meaning. Despite there being an extensive literature on the topic, the acoustic features and psychological ...
    • When visual cues influence taste/flavour perception: A systematic review and the critical appraisal of multisensory flavour perception 

      Motoki, Kosuke; Spence, Charles; Velasco, Carlos (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      There has been a noticeable increase of interest in research on multisensory flavour perception in recent years. Humans are visually dominant creatures and a growing body of research has investigated how visual cues influence ...