• Discordant knowing: A social cognitive structure underlying fanaticism 

      Gollwitzer, Anton; Olcaysoy Okten, Irmak; Osorio Pizarro, Angel; Oettingen, Gabriele (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      Examining the epistemic and social–cognitive structures underlying fanaticism, radicalization, and extremism should shed light on how these harmful phenomena develop and can be prevented. In nine studies (N = 3,277), we ...
    • Misplaced certainty in the context of conspiracy theories 

      Oettingen, Gabriele; Gollwitzer, Anton; Jung, Jiin; Olcaysoy Okten, Irmak (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2022)
      We examine conspiracy beliefs in the context of misplaced certainty—certainty that is unsubstantiated by one's own or others' skepticism. A conspiracy theory held with misplaced certainty may entail, for instance, “knowing” ...