• Back to basics: Behavioral theory and internationalization 

      Surdu, Irina; Greve, Henrich R.; Benito, Gabriel R G (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      International business (IB) scholars’ over-reliance on a select few theories leaves our understanding of firm internationalization incomplete. The behavioral theory of the firm (BTF) can offer new insights and can be used ...
    • Bringing corporate governance into internalization theory: State ownership and foreign entry strategies 

      Grøgaard, Birgitte; Rygh, Asmund; Benito, Gabriel R G (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      We use internalization theory to analyze the establishment and entry mode decisions of state-owned (SOE) and privately owned (POE) enterprises. We enrich internalization theory by building on insights from economic theory ...
    • CEO wealth and cross-border acquisitions by SMEs 

      Zilja, Flladina; Benito, Gabriel R G; Boustanifar, Hamid; Zhang, Dan (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2023)
      This study examines the role of chief executive officers’ (CEOs) wealth in explaining the cross-border acquisition (CBA) activity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). CBAs require substantial financial resources ...
    • Complexity and multinationals 

      Larsen, Marcus Møller; Birkinshaw, Julian; Zhou, Yue Maggie; Benito, Gabriel R G (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2023)
      Research Summary The multinational corporation (MNC) is a typical example of a complex organization. In this essay, we employ an established body of literature on complexity in organizations to explore and discuss the ...
    • Dealing with headquarters in the multinational corporation: A subsidiary perspective on organizing costs 

      Lunnan, Randi; Tomassen, Sverre; Andersson, Ulf; Benito, Gabriel R G (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      This study examines how subsidiaries in multinational corporations (MNCs) experience interactions with corporate headquarters. We conceptualize such interactions in terms of organizing costs, focusing on two key types of ...
    • Dealing with high-risk environments: Institutional-based tools to reduce political risk costs 

      Adarkwah, Gilbert Kofi; Benito, Gabriel R G (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2023)
      The international business (IB) literature on political risk mitigation has assigned explanatory preeminence to the organizational capabilities of multinational corporations (MNCs). The literature has assumed that political ...
    • Dynamics of Operation Modes: Switches and Additions. 

      Benito, Gabriel R G; Petersen, Bent; Welch, Lawrence S. (Chapter, 2021)
      This chapter takes stock of fifty years of research on mode dynamics—that is, the decisions to switch and add operation modes in a foreign country—as a central international business strategy phenomenon. Numerous studies ...
    • Foreign operation mode flexibility: tradeoffs and managerial responses 

      Petersen, Bent; Benito, Gabriel R G; Welch, Lawrence S (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Firms’ ability to change foreign operation modes appears highly desirable in an increasingly volatile and unpredictable global environment. We propose and discuss mode flexibility as a management capability, with the aim ...
    • Here we go again : a case study on re-entering a foreign market 

      Aguzzoli, Roberta; Lengler, Jorge; Sousa, Carlos M.P.; Benito, Gabriel R G (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020)
      Globalization has motivated firms to expand into foreign markets, but internationalization is inherently dynamic. Many firms have exited foreign markets for various reasons, but some later decide to re‐enter those same ...
    • Institutional distance and MNE-subsidiary initiative collaboration: The role of dual embeddedness 

      Raziq, Muhammad Mustafa; Benito, Gabriel R G; Ahmad, Mansoor (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Entrepreneurial initiatives by subsidiaries are greeted as well as contested. We examine the effect of institutional distance between the host country of a subsidiary and the home country of its parent multinational ...
    • Institutions and inward foreign direct investment in the primary sectors 

      Rygh, Asmund; Torgersen, Kristine; Benito, Gabriel R G (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2022)
      Abstract Purpose Well-functioning institutions are repeatedly claimed to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) by reducing the costs and uncertainty of economic activity. Nonetheless, it has been argued that institutions ...
    • Into the unknown: The extent and boldness of firms' international footprint 

      Békes, Gabor; Benito, Gabriel R G; Castellani, Davide; Muraközy, Balazs (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      Research Summary Firms make footprints as they internationalize. Going beyond simple measures of firms' internationalization, we conceptualize and measure the extent of a firm's international footprint as the number of ...
    • Multinational enterprise organizational structures and subsidiary role and capability development: The moderating role of establishment mode 

      Raziq, Muhammad Mustafa; Benito, Gabriel R G; Kang, Yuanfei (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2021)
      Multinational enterprises (MNEs) develop structural configurations for managing their geographically dispersed and disaggregated activities. These structures can be classified as (a) simple headquarters configurations ...
    • Roles and strategies of foreign MNE subsidiaries in New Zealand 

      Raziq, Muhammad Mustafa; Benito, Gabriel R G; Toulson, Paul; Malik, Omer; Ahmad, Mansoor (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      This study examines the roles and strategies of foreign-owned subsidiaries in New Zealand, with the aim to develop an improved classification of subsidiaries of multinational enterprises (MNE). Previous research has proposed ...
    • Subsidiary country managers and subsidiary development: Upper echelons and resource-based perspectives 

      Raziq, Muhammad Mustafa; Benito, Gabriel R G; Igoe, Josephine (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      This article examines the relationship between subsidiary country manager-level factors and subsidiary development. As existing research on subsidiaries in multinational enterprises has focused on the organizational level, ...
    • The global value chain and internalization theory 

      Benito, Gabriel R G; Petersen, Bent; Welch, Lawrence S. (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      In a research note in this issue, Strange and Humphrey discuss how a global value chain (GVC) approach serves to usefully move internalization theory towards a better understanding of the increasingly important ‘middle ...